(extra) Reset syndrome

 It is a compound word syndrome and reset, which means that it is returned to the initial state of the system when the computer has caused an error. So it refers to the phenomenon that have an illusion that we can reset if there is any number of incorrect or wrong parts even in the real world as to initialize the computer. They are displayed mainly by a generation familiar to computer, Sometimes it leads to serious crime.

 

 This term is firstly made in Japan, 1990. It was widely known by becoming clear the criminal, a junior high school student(14 years old) in elementary school, of mutilation murder case is maniac of a computer game occurred in Kobe, Japan in May 1997. From the late 1990s, the term appeared in Police White Paper in Korea. Currently, cyber investigation team of the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency has been defined reset syndrome as a kind of Internet addiction.

 

 Exemplary features of the reset syndrome is that they can not distinguish the real and virtual worlds. People who have reset syndrome show social maladjustment phenomenon that attempts to restart easily by discarding relationships or work which do not like his own.

 

 Committing the crime, they can not recognize that is a criminal act in a terrible case. They consider it just a kind of game when they do theft, assault, even murder. They think if they reset the guilt conscience of their own, there is no act of their own too.

(extra) Hikikomori

It is a term that started out in Japan since the 1970s, has emerged with solitary hermits appears as a social problem the mid-1990's. Hikikomori is the noun form of the Japanese "Hikikomoru" meaning "hidden". It refers to people who can not adapt to social life, live only in the house.

 

Symptoms are similar to "Bangkok jog"(people who live cooped up in a room) that began to appear in Korea in the late 1990s. These have in common that life remains cut off with the outside by creating a fence of their own against society. Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan are classified into Hikikomori that people seen these symptoms for more than 6 months from 2001.

 

There is an example to spend while being trapped in a room for more than 3-4 years or even 10 years by terrible people. Typical symptoms are these. ① avoid talking with people. ② immerse watching TV or in the Internet at night and sleeping while the daytime. ③ show depressive symptoms and sense of loss and self-loathing. ④ behave like a spoilt child to parent or even use violence.

 

Researchers point out several factors as the cause that rapid growth of society, psychological burden by unemployment, an introspective nature, discontinuation with neighborhood and relatives and so on.

(extra) Bystander effect

 

 It is also referred to as audience effect. Dictionary definition of the bystander is a person who just looking at near without any participation. Thus it is a phenomenon that if what was happening around, people do nothing and just looking at near. Commonly used in particularly when you do not help a stranger who placed difficult circumstance among the various phenomena that occur by remaining indifferent.

 

 Several factors such as personality and ability that can help acts to help people in danger. However, according to the results of a study, in general, the probability is low that help the people who are facing difficulties, if the so many people stand around. And idle time until action becomes longer even going to help them. Because of psychological factors that there are many people who keep an eye on, even in the absence of my own, someone would be help him. In this way, the psychological term that to avoid their responsibilities refers to "diffusion of responsibility".

 However bystander effect is not displayed to everyone. The contrary, there are some people who come forward if the more people watching, the more actively in the everything. Politicians usually belong to this type.

 

 It is also used as a medical term. In this case, it refer to phenomenon when apply radiation to the cells, the surrounding cells that are not directly exposed to radiation are affected similarly with the cells shot radiation directly.

(extra) Heat island

 The downtown that densely crowded population and buildings appears its temperature higher than other regions in general. In this way, heat island is the region that represents specially higher temperature than the temperature of the surroundings. the heat island phenomenon is clear in autumn and spring that diurnal range is greater or winter than summer and appear badly at night than daytime.

 

 The meteorologist W. Schmidt of Austria confirmed the fact that the temperature is higher when go to the urban center by investigating the temperature distribution of the capital Vienna in 1927. Thereafter, climate of downtown was found to have a unique phenomenon that different from the surrounding.

 

 In the city, ① changing in the ground surface heat balance with increasing construction, paving ② increasing emissions of artificial heat, the pollutant due to fuel consumption ③ greenhouse effect by atmospheric pollution ④ making so many high-rise buildings ventilation is difficult affect heat island phenomenon. Because ground covered roads, buildings, concrete plays the role of the reflector which absorbs and stores solar heat and reflects more than soil contained water.

 

 In particular, the smoke of the city is the main substance that causes heat island phenomenon so it is also called as "island of pollution". The velocity of the wind, the amount of the clouds, the size of city also influence on heat island phenomenon. If density of building increases 10%, temperature of downtown increase 0.16°C. Most tropical night also appears in heat island.

(extra) Ringelmann effect

 It refers to a phenomenon that the competence of the population and the increase in the members of a group is not proportional. That is, the competence of the individual decreases as the size of the population bigger. It is the opposite concept to synergy effect. It is a concept that began with experiments of psychologist Maximilien Ringelmann of Germany.

 

 Ringelmann carried out a tug of war experiment in order to measure the contribution of the individual belonging to the group. According to the experiment, in a group of two people belonged, the magnitude of the exerting power by one person was 93% of their own power. But in a group of three people belonged, the magnitude of the exerting power by one person was 85% of their own power. Thus, Ringelmann found the fact that the more participants engage in a tug of war, the less power exerted by each individual. This proved individuals do not their best when they are just one of several people.

 

 This Ringelmann effect is utilized, such as strategies for constructing in business management. For example, constructing team members as a small number or form that are not placed in the team such as a certain number or more of talent corresponds to this.

(extra) Big Brother

It is a term that began by novel <1984>(1903 ~ 1950) of the famous novelist George Orwell for sociological satire and insight of the UK from. As positive meaning, for the purposes of the good, it means protection monitoring to take care of society. However, in a negative meaning, refers to the means of social control of those in power who were grounded in conspiracy theories.

 

 Big Brother that may be justified in the sense that they prevent social hardship have huge social disadvantage in fact. In novel <1984>, Big Brother is constantly monitoring the social through the tele-screen. Around the society, it is installed to the toilet further, which indicates so formidable infringement of privacy. Speaking of re-interpreted as conspiracy theory, it can be completed by information collection of Big Brother that the subject of strong power as the administrators of the power by enticing people and distorting the information.

 

 It looked very unrealistic entity of Big Brother in the past. However, a monitoring system much like that in the novel has began to be realized in the actual society led to the modern. In the United States, it is in a situation which that Department of Homeland Security is installed that is comparable to the scale of the Ministry of National Defense, and Patriot Act was passed to legally protect their monitoring behavior.

(extra) Noblesse oblige

 

 It is a word which means a moral obligation corresponding to the high social status. It started from the moral consciousness and initiative public spirit of nobles and the king in early Roman days.

 

 In early Roman society, tradition was strong such as donations and contribution of high class of society to the public business. These acts was recognized as being honor as well as a duty and was done competitively voluntary. In particular, it is more robust that the tradition of high class such as noble to participate in the war.

It is known as because nobles were victimized a lot in the lasted battle, during the 500 years since Rome founded, the occupied proportion of noble in the Senate significantly reduced in one fifteenth. Rome was able to secure its position as the leader of the ancient world thanks to be indebted to initiative and sacrifice of these nobles.

 

 Until the modern and contemporary, these moral awareness has been considered the best way to solve the conflict between classes. In particular, More than anything, willingness and initiative attitude of high class is necessary in order to integrate the people and exhibit their full potential facing a national crisis such as war.

 

 In fact, in World War II and World War I, more than 2,000 of Eton College were killed from the higher layer children of Britain was attending. Andrew, second son of Queen of England, entered the war as a pilot of combat helicopter at the time of the Falkland war. During the 6.25 war, 142 son of the U.S. military generals entered and 35 people lost their lives or was injured.

 

 Episode of Mao Zedong, leader of China, also famous. He instructed settling about the news of son of the death in battle that abandon the body in the Korean War.

(extra) Glass ceiling

 

Glass ceiling is an economic term that means "the barrier that not visible through the eyes, but can not be broken in any way". Word express a critical situation in spite of other qualifications and ability not be inferior to men, negative perceptions of women that packed as culture and practices in the organization block promotion to executive.

 

The term first appeared in articles that play the difficulties of promotion of female in economic weekly magazine <Wall Street Journal> 1979 in the U.S., And re-appeared in the other article that were published in the same magazine in 1986, then it is widely known. Originally it was used in the sense of failure that prevent entry of female into the manager in the organization that even not visible. It was expanded to be used to not only the woman, but also to the situation of minority groups.

 

In response to this, in 1991, the United States government have been created ‘The Federal Glass Ceiling Commission’ in order to eliminate gender discrimination and to institutionally encourage social advancement of women.

 

In the case of South Korea, the extent of the glass ceiling is more serious compare with developed countries such as the United States, the UK, Germany. Recently, according to a survey of Korea Labor Institute(KLI), the proportion of women of the country's corporate executive appeared as 1.9%, it makes realize how difficult break the glass ceiling from the company. 

(extra) Well-being

Modern industrial society has a system to force material wealth to people. So people consume most of the time in order to accumulate wealth. Therefore there is a tendency that consider mental health lightly compared to material wealth. It develop into mentally panic in the worst case.

 

Well-being refers to the culture of a new life that appear with growing number of people who want happy and beautiful life by the combination of physical and mental health in these modern industrial society.

Slow Food movement that began in Europe in the mid-1980s, slow but better working people that argued live slowly in the early 1990s, Bobos that pursued material interests of bourgeois and spiritual abundance of bohemian at the same time are also a form of well-being.

 

Well-being means everything harmonize to either side without bias including body and mind, work and rest, family and society, self and community and so on.

So referred to as a "well-beings" people ① enjoy organic products and fishes instead of meats. ② do a exercise that can stabilize the heart like abdomen breathing, yoga, climbing. ③ eat delightfully slow food made ​​at home rather than eating out. ④ enjoy the hobby, such as travel, mountain climbing, reading.

(extra) Honor killing

 

It is a practice that has been committed against the woman who had affair or had lost their chastity and virginity in the Islamic world, such as Jordan, Egypt, Yemen. Someone in the family kill the woman such as husband. The reasons are that she soiled the honor of the house such as loss of chastity or adultery. Because killed family are punished only light punishment even if caught, it has been committed openly in Muslim countries.

 

In Jordan December 2002, According to the statistics, women of 22 people were killed in honor killings only the year. For this reason, the Government of Jordan amended the law that defines not sentence a heavy penalty, such as the death penalty to those who have the honor killings. They also remove the legal that provisions which can justify honor killings. However, in the Islamic world, hundreds of women have dying with honor killings per year still.

 

After the actual report of honor killings has been executed for the first time at the Geneva United Nations Commission on Human Rights in 2000, the campaign against honor killings have taken place worldwide mainly in private organizations.

 

(extra)Twixters

 The term used to refer to young people of 20-30 generations that fail to employment and to be self-supporting after graduating school, without living independently, depending economically on parent.

 Kangaroo people is not the case that depend on the parent reluctantly. It means young people who live with parents without finding a job actively in spite of being able to employment.

 It is a coined word shown in Korea around 2004 after appeared a serious social problem that employment of young people before and after the 2000. However, the term is not only in Korea. Kangaroo have appeared in various forms around the world as well as South Korea. In the United States, referred to twixter(betwixt and between) as generation sandwiched, it refer to the generation can not be economically dependent while putting off marriage even after graduating from university and rely on their parent's home.

 In France, it is referred as the Tanguy is accepted by the title of the comical movie "Tanguy"(2001) that depict conflict between the parent and child to expel son at home. In addition, Mammone means people who are obsessed with food their mother give to them in Italy. In the UK, they referred to as Kippers that reduce retirement of the parent. Boomerang kids, in Canada, wander back and forth without work and live back home.

 In Germany, Nesthocker refers to a person who just stay at home(nest). And it referred as freeter to do just a temporary hire only when money is urgent. they do not ask for formal work in Japan.

(extra) Viral Marketing

 Viral marketing is a marketing technique that Internet users spread voluntarily in order to promote the company's products and business through the radio medium of e-mail or other. The fact that it spread like a computer virus, such names attached. Viral marketing was beginning to attract attention flared in 2000, as a new Internet advertising methods. In view without direct public relations of companies, via e-mail of consumers advertising transmitted to the mouth from the mouth, it is different from traditional advertising. It is same with Discussions marketing, but the wave system is different. Discussions marketing, mainly by information provider, the message will spread. However, viral marketing will continue to spread information about the recipient.

 While going along such as tendency, fashion, and the flow of reality, companies develop a web animation of fresh content and interesting content and bizarre palatable of netizens. And, it is to be posted for free on the Internet site, to indirect advertising to put the product and the name of the company in the meantime. If the contents of the animation is interesting, net user provides to other Internet users via e-mail. Unconsciously by being the topic among netizens, marketing will be naturally performed such a process is being repeated. 

 The some viral marketing ads may also use the approach of incentive aid measures to reward the person who taught the product information. Viral marketing is performed based on web animation technology, small file size makes playback play in near real-time is possible. Further, anyone can easily produce when using the program related. Has spread rapidly much more than advertising using a film such as television and movie existing before since the low cost.

(extra) Chicken Game

 It is a game that two cars rush face to face, and the first avoiding one is lost. Chicken is a slang meaning in called "coward". The struggle for leadership that gangs of America did in the 1970s is a kind of "Game of Death". You can safe if fold the handle just before the collision but by avoiding first he must remove the nameplate of the organization and be branded chicken(coward) instead served the life.

A movie named "rebellion Without Reason" did this game to James Dean defeat naughty guys torment him. Cartoonist Huh Young-man who the original author of "cheat" was also used the chicken game as a material from other comics.

 There is also a chicken as our type. You can remember as long as 50 or more generations, novelist Jojonre's wrote in "Taebaek Mountains" the game to train against. It's courage fight that Ttangbul and Yomusangu of a gangster do that hold out long standing in a railway train comes running to. First, Bumblebee, would leave the country ultimately avoid the body.

 In the column of November 29, 2006, Hankyoreh editorial committee, Kim ji suk said “confrontation of the United States and North Korea over the nuclear issue is likened to chicken (coward) game often. There is such a aspect actually. North Korea, engaged in brinkmanship tactic sat the thought that the U.S. will retreat soon. On the other hand, while strengthening the sanctions and pressure, administration of U.S. President George W. Bush to force the surrender of North Korea ignoring brinkmanship tactic of North Korea.

(extra) Stereotype

 Stereotype is relatively fixed thinking and views that many people have in common to a particular subject or group. In many cases, there is no clear evidence, it is just based on an emotional decision.
 Why human beings stick to stereotypes, there are two reasons roughly divided. The first, humans are without relying on stereotypes, it is impossible to recognize newly all things of everyday life. The second, it is because the system of stereotypes is the core of identity and it is the defense mechanism of the ego.
 Even if it is determined what stereotype is unreasonable according to the situation, human may distort reality in order to achieve simplicity and order. Even so, stereotypes are not pathological or abnormality. It's because it is natural Cognitive Responses like the first impression of some individuals.
 It will be subject to attack and blame with stigma that anti-moral and anti-social if you refuse the natural reaction of people rather accept. In addition, these sanctions have been taken for granted as legitimate. So people show the tuning follows the stereotype people for this reason.

(extra) Moral Hazard

 Moral Hazard is a term used in the insurance market originally. Policyholders who have fire insurance if were not in insurance, he would neglected the duty of care for fire prevention that will be not ignored, so fire occurs rather, the insurance company is likely to pay the insurance money. If the insurance company is able to grasp all one by one the efforts of fire prevention of the policyholder, apply in a different way the premium in accordance with the efforts of fire prevention, or refuse to join itself to insurance, but this is impossible in practice.

 In this way, the insurance companies can’t caught insured separately situation refer as "asymmetry of information". In the asymmetric situation of information, the possibility of moral hazard occurs always large.

 The "moral hazard", when principal can not to observe fully the behavior of the agent in situations where there is asymmetry of information, it appears in the process of agent is to maximize the utility of their own in economics. For example, if the monitoring is neglect to workers, that they are not eager to work, those who have insurance to reduce the care that was provided in the accident, doctors were gave a lot of medical insurance by over-practice All of this corresponds the moral hazard.

 Entrepreneur, insurance companies, medical insurance institutions mainly principal here and the workers, people in insurance, doctors are agent but it is not intended to mean what status relationship with a vertical, It only indicates that an simply different object of each other. And recently, It expressed as "moral hazard" profit exploiting the loopholes of law and institutions, attitudes to neglect the self-responsibility, and also to group selfishness.

(extra) Reference Group

 

 This term, was written in 1942 by Hyman first, but was introduced to the statement of a small group of book An Outline of Social Psychology(1948) by his Muzatafer Sherif. He used this term against the term membership group here. Affiliation population refers to a group that individual is a member clearly. In contrast, reference population refers to a population that affect the behavior of individuals.

 Of course, There are possibility when the population of the two matches, affiliation of individuals was also a reference group. However, it is necessary to indicate the fact that standards and norms that govern the behavior of individuals, it is also the standard norms of the population that are not easily participate in that one want to belong. Things like this, often appear in the case of people with high social mobility. Then, when referring formation of attitudes, and adaptive, the term is often used to refer to a population of its reference.

 There are two types of the reference group. (1) Comparative reference group, and is used when it is used to compare themselves with others, will be described relative deprivation feeling. (2) normative reference group, and means to act as the basis for an individual. This is used in the symbolic interaction theory, particularly Shibutani defined as imaginative aggregate or fact, which has been assumed by in actors mind. It plays an important role in the process of attitude formation.

(extra) Panopticon

 Panopticon is one synthesized meaning that "pan" means "all" and "opticon" means "see". When the translation, it's the sense of "see everything". For the purpose of monitoring the prisoners originally, Jeremy Bentham a jurist and philosopher of the United Kingdom, designed for the first time in 1791.

 The prison was designed to make a high watchtower in a circular space in the center, along the circumference of the outside of the central watchtower, to create a room of prisoners. In addition, in the dark all the time, watchtower in the center so that prisoners can not know to where the line of sight of the monitor to be monitored by the with bright rooms. As this occurs, the prisoners would be that it has the feel themselves that are being monitored at all times, in the end, prisoners internalized and monitoring discipline to monitor itself. 

  However after Bentham was designed, it did not receive the attention, but the philosopher Michel Foucault in France, noted that the principles of the monitoring system of the Panopticon drill down to the public so it has turned into basic principle of norm society: panopticism, in his book "Discipline and Punish" in 1975, began renewed attention.

 Then, As information technology is developing rapidly, the possibility of power institutions being able to freely control the people have also been raised by using a digital certificate and various other electronic residents card and electronic health policy.

(extra) Blue Ocean

 

 Refers to a promising market that must not have competitors that are not known or do not currently exist. The Blue Ocean market demand is obtained by creativity rather than competition, great opportunity to allow a rapid growth and high profits exist in this. Because the law of the game is not yet decided, the competition is meaningless. Therefore, Blue Ocean is a representation that the market metaphor with hidden deep widely possibility that you have not tried it yet. The term is derived from management strategy theory of companies Kim wi chan professor was proposed with Rene Moborunyu over Professor school mates in the "Blue Ocean Strategy". Blue Ocean strategy is, through the idea conversion, to out of competition principles since the Industrial Revolution by providing differentiated and attractive products and services, and market own unique things itself that anyone can’t compete with companies.

Introduction to Sociology/Demography

 Overpopulation means a situation that living population exists more than resources. Regardless of lot less and less of population, it is important that proportion of resources and people. At this time resources include everything like water, arable land, jobs, electricity, transportation. In a state of overpopulation, several problems occur that poverty, insufficient arable land, higher rates of un employment or crime. But Thomas Malthus argued if population grows exponentially, it will decreases through famine, disease, war, or etc. On the contrary, when underpopulation lasts, there are possibility of recession. So government actively introduces policies to promote childbirth.

 So many people leave their villages. They usually go to see the job. Because there are capital and jobs in urban. Whereas farm living may be affected by many unpredictable environmental situations. To farming people, the hardest thing is natural disasters. Or they go to see a better education and medical services. These concentrated area has the urban heat island.

 

 When I first see literally demography, I thought it will be related with democracy. But each other have no association. And there are so many familiar things I interested like overpopulation. So I can read this topic. And I think we’re in underpopulation.

 

 I wonder how we conquer underpopulation situation. What will be definite plan.

(extra) multiethnic

Q: Is Korea becoming multiethnic?

    How are Koreans treated abroad?

    How are foreigners treated in Korea?

 

 I think so many foreign laborer and international marriage increasing in Korea means our society becoming multiethnic. 

 Koreans are quiet receive in Southeast Asia as we do white man. But I think we are discriminated in some country as we do Southeast Asians or black person.