Capitalism is an economic system where things are owned by people or an individual, not by a government or communities. People have to barter or work for money so they can buy things they need or want, such as food. Capitalism mostly has a free market economy, which means people buy and sell things by their own judgment. In most countries in the world today the economy also has a degree of planning, done by the government or by trade unions. They are actually called "mixed economies" instead of completely free markets. Some people disagree on whether capitalism is a good idea, or how much of capitalism is a good idea.
In capitalism, people may sell or lend their property, and other people may buy or borrow it. If one person wants to buy, and another person wants to sell to them, they do not need to get permission from higher power. People can have a market without anyone else telling them to. People who own capital are sometimes called capitalists. They can hire anyone who wants to work in their factories, shops or lands for them for the pay they offer.
Sunday, June 1, 2014
global warming (extra)
global warming (extra)
As a result of the greenhouse effect, the phenomenon that the average global temperature rises.
Trace gases in the atmosphere (O3), such as water vapor (NO2), tropospheric ozone (CH4), nitrogen compounds, carbon dioxide (CO2 carbon dioxide), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), methane, short-wavelength components of the solar energy incident on the Earth has the property of absorbing long-wavelength component that is transmitted through and reflected from the earth. In this action, the temperature of the earth, remains high 33 ℃ about as compared with the case where they are not present.
Called greenhouse effect and this effect is referred to as a greenhouse gas to these gases. Today, the expansion of industrial activities in various increasing use of fossil fuels, an increase of deforestation, such as agriculture and industry, for example, using freon gas, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased rapidly. If you go to this trend, it is expected that the greenhouse effect is further increased, the temperature of the Earth rises, glaciers, icebergs melt, sea level and rise, major changes will come in the environment surrounding the man.
As a result, the environment through various meetings, you need to create an emissions control measures greenhouse gases worldwide, around the world are put into practice.
Industrialization (extra)
Industrialization (extra)
Process that is converted to socio-economic order the heart of the industry.
It does not mean can be explained clearly at all times, the cause and how agricultural country to develop into industrial countries, but the change that occurred in the UK during the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries is, the initial of the countries of Western Europe and North America became the prototype of the process of industrialization and that's for sure.
In the process of industrialization technical components (for example, such as the use of power as an alternative to such small-horse and the previous mechanization of the labor force) is attached, it was accompanied by a variety of social development. Workers who had been bound by feudal duty and customs basis becomes free, free labor market that entrepreneurs have an important role in the social type specific (capitalists) are marked with the creation has been. People who lived in rural areas, gathered in the new industrial area and industrial city.
Countries into account the process of industrialization relatively late and tried to deform to fit the circumstances of the country, some of these factors. For example, I accomplish industrialization through the deletion of the entrepreneur with the use of forced labor mainly, on the other hand, in the case of Japan, the government intervened strongly, countries like the Soviet Union, to stimulate the role of capitalist , I drove. By commercialize-mechanized agriculture mainly, other countries, such as New Zealand and Denmark in particular, have achieved industrialization.
Industry of the city is developed, given a wide range of no similar case history is private and free movement of individuals, but at the same time, the development of the industry, had to pay the price of social and psychological. Scholar Karl Marx, such as Emile Durkheim pointed out that workers experience in front of the goal to change rapidly and labor appear to be no meaning as "alienation" and "anomie". Individuals in isolation for the dismantling of the community and extended family, traditional values had changed meaningless.
Industrialism had created a new strain of poverty by the mechanism of growth itself, and its victim, for several reasons, competition in accordance with the rules of order industry has become just impossible. The automated technique in the major industrial countries of the end of the 20th century, place the phenomena such as expanding services sector, which is gradually expanded, the city suburbs, some scholars foresaw the coming of late industrial society.
Introduction to Sociology/Family
Family
Form of family organization
This means that a man and a woman sexual relationship was legalized, all cultures have recognized the importance of the nuclear family units consisting of children of unmarried couple. Is composed of a spouse and relatives that together house and food from home was the oldest family members and form of social organization is the nuclear family unit, there is also a group. However, a couple or nuclear family, family is the organizational unit of the family the most basic in society substantially all, organizational form of other family members, such as the composite family and extended family is the basis of the nuclear family or, I include a unit similar to the structure of them.
(Usually, most) his spouse, family complex is composed of tatami, children and sometimes central figure. This can be seen in the place where many and various parts of the world, is universal in the society of traditional African, polygamy is permitted in particular. For example, in West Africa, it is possible that some men take more than one wife, is composed of their children and their wives each, the maximum of the sub-family unit. There is an example of monogamy dub better to to most men become most women soil dozen group in southern India and universal as (family) much.
Married of course, their spouses and children and relatives, includes a children children of unmarried parents. The main feature is that rather than people of the house and to live together to share the economic responsibility to each other and property assistance. Have a family set of common in some areas of India in the form of a family structure similar, but living in households was both wife and children and brothers.
Is composed of children and one of the parents, common variant of the nuclear family is a single-parent family. Is formed by divorce or bereavement of a spouse, in the case of a woman, which is formed by the raising of a child alone without marriage in particular. In many parts of Africa, as a family unit of the foundation, the family of the flagellum is more common than the nuclear family actually.
Development of modern family
I is believed that in most cultures , whether it is patriarchal , the ancient family , was a male dominant . Women who were able to get a concubine and more than one wife , was in a relatively low position of chief men < Old Testament > .
From what Homer drew from classical literature , that the family is an important unit of economic relations , of course , is a Jidon political unit control disputes with the formation of the coalition is made , in the foundation of personal prestige there . Family and the political system is developed , became the stage of power and intrigue turned to more personal .
In Europe , the spread of Christianity , is deformed in the form of a family . By the church to prohibit marriage between close relatives , authority of kinship group and extended family is broken to the dispersion of power , influence of relatives and Jokuu~ehon have been performed . Family turned into a unit of micronucleus passed to the church most of the authority in a broad units receptive self that has the authority of each member through the prohibition of marriage between close relatives . In addition, the cohesion of the family a large group is weakened , unity through marriage is important , relatives large populations in medieval Europe , was turned into the center point of the unity of the inner ring .
Development of industry in many parts of the world and the industrial revolution of the West has led to major changes in the structure of the family . Many people , such as young people resulting in a rapid change of the type of life and work , do not get married left the rural , industrialization and urbanization has become a labor of industry of the city . And , extended family was dismantled in many areas along with the phenomenon that is converted to the industrial economy of the city from the agricultural economy of rural areas .
Childbirth and parenting
In traditional societies , the value of the children were considered to be thing that the couple has a lot of children is good , was evaluated as labor rights and the couple has . However, in modern society , the economic contribution of children is very important for the family , birth face has changed a lot in the advancement of technology .
The couple , now able to adjust the timing of pregnancy and the number of children by using contraception artificial . Increase the probability that can couple with the problem of birth to obtain a child , rather than a blood relationship , advances in medicine and legal procedures relating to quantum adoption , and the like parenting , reasonably family members to say to both simultaneously it was to present an alternative that can be put to.
In all societies , children are absolutely necessary to define the life of the family , society many scholars are regarded as functions of the first family of the child-rearing . Birth is a phenomenon in biological and social . Husband and wife became the parents at birth is necessary role readjustment . Figure parents to adapt to after delivery depends on the cultural practices and personal environment , but in all societies , if you want to take care of children of past and present , parents have an important role .
One of the most important features of the modern family , society Some scholars have cited the primary socialization of children . As part of the child-rearing , primary socialization , which means teaching children to perform an early age , has been carried out in the family , it contains a teaching language , appropriate action , such as the use of the toilet , the basics are out . Children of other , secretly prompted to accept the values of the parent society and their own lives .
Child grows , when it comes to independence gradually , the role of the parent is free much responsibility to nurture a child is changed. On the other hand , Old age care is the welfare of aged parents is a child role changes to some extent .
Industrialization(extra)
Industrialization is part of a process where people adopt easier and cheaper ways to make things. Using better technology, it becomes possible to produce more goods in a shorter amount of time. A single person can produce more things.
After industrialization people also do more specialized jobs. For example before industrialization, a cobbler made the whole shoe. He worked on one pair of shoes, finished that, and then did the next pair of shoes. With industrialization, there are many people involved in making shoes. An individual shoemaker has a smaller task, however. There is one person that cuts the sole of the shoe. Another person stitches it on. In short there is division of labour. The machines to make the shoes cost a lot of money so the factory will be owned by a rich person who can afford the machines.
Popular culture(extra)
Popular culture and the mass miedia
Owing to the pervasive and increasingly interconnected nature of popular culture, especially its intermingling of complementary distribution sources, some cultural anthropologists, literary, and cultural critics have identified a large amount of intertextuality in popular culture's portrayals of itself. The commentary on the intertextuality and its self-referential nature has itself become the subject of self-referential and recursive commentary.
Many cultural critics have dismissed this as merely a symptom or side-effect of mass consumerism however, alternate explanations and critique have also been offered. It reflects a fundamental paradox. The increase in technological and cultural sophistication, combined with an increase in superficiality and dehumanization.
According to television studies scholars specializing in quality television, such as Kristin Thompson, self-referentiality in mainstream American television (especially comedy) reflects and exemplifies the type of progression characterized previously. Extreme examples approach a kind of thematic infinite regress wherein distinctions between art and life, commerce and critique, ridicule and homage become intractably blurred.
Function of family
Family group of people who are in kinship with a focus on couple mainly. Or its members. The marriage takes place, relatives, or adoption.
Everyone are born, was born as a member of the family, human to survive to grow in the context of family. The function of the family, in accordance with regional and age, cultural background, it appears the other, the same age, it may vary depending on living conditions and individual difference even if they belong to the same country.
On the other hand, is divided into a spin-off of function secondary basic functions of the unique features the function of the family, and (individual features) inward function of each, to see is divided into (social function) function outside world these I can be.
Inward family functions
1 ) Sexual function of birth (original function) : Is achieved at the basis of the love of men and women, some reproductive function affection, sincerity, the ability of family child care. Birth is an important function of a unique family has.
2 ) Function of socialization and child-rearing ( Function of its own ) : At home under the protection of the family from the time they are born, children to the effect that they adapt well to society, a significant impact on the personality development of children, foster a healthy member of society.
3 ) Economic function ( Basic functions ) : It can be divided into functional production and consumption capacity. In the traditional societies of the past, the family was performed together the functions of production and consumption, but provides labor in industrial society, modern society, as consideration family industrialization of advanced, the mass production of goods in response to the wages, ability as a wise consumer for the purchase and selection of product required for this is required.
4 ) Protective function ( Auxiliary function ) : Can you protect your family and property from the threat of disease. To protect the individual from the beasts and wild climate of heat and cold in the old days, today, can you protect from the dangers of the outside environment.
5 ) Break function ( Auxiliary function ) : Has a function of relaxation letting you recover the tension and fatigue of mind and body of the family, means a labor re-production, family is the most out, inevitable.
6 ) Entertainment (secondary function) : Mind is opened to themselves to spend time gathering together when you enjoy the leisure Become a family unit, parent and child, so gather in one place, have a conversation, and you can sense educational also accompanied. Features include recreational with a family, the great significance.
7 ) Function of religion (auxiliary function) : It does not mean only format or a religious ceremony, thanked the everyday life, and enlightenment of the truth of life, and admitted humbly the limits of human capabilities, refers to attitude towards life to live in an attitude of prayer.
2 .External features of the society as a whole
1 ) The ability to control sexual(Unique features) : Approved by the society, institution of marriage by a qualified us to control orderly sex how much society as a whole.
2 ) The ability to recruit members of society ( Function of its own ) : The function of the birth, it also has a significant contribution to society survive, to develop, the family is maintaining the human species.
3 ) Provides a labor force, and ensure the life function ( Basic functions ) : Consumption function of the family is as follows. It becomes the center of the stock expression, play a life security function of the external, which is directly connected to the sound development of the national economy.
4 ) Ability to inherit the traditional culture of society (secondary function) : It is to help the inheritance of culture and tradition to go to amicably social life through education and upbringing at home.
5 ) Stabilization function of society (auxiliary function) : Family is adapted to take psychological and physical stability of the individual, the stability of the mind and body of the individual, the driving force of the play, us to stabilize the society it again.
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