Facebook (Extra)

 Facebook (Extra) 

Online social networking services company in the United States.

Since the start of the service, Facebook has added a number of services. Facebook from August 2006 was to be able to create a blog of their users.
In February 2007, I started the gift service. This is what you have to be able to send gifts from cyberspace with friends forehead very few users. The company began service of Facebook Platform and Facebook Marketplace 2-3 months later. Facebook Marketplace is a service that allows the user to advertise for free.
The platform of Facebook, I can or improve the function of Facebook existing applications, users, to develop a compatible, the new application. The company has to open source there is no royalty part of the code of the software of Facebook through the open platform of Facebook in June 2008.

This was to be able to develop applications that improve the appearance of the social networking site software developers outside of many using the database resources and face book more. Such a move is a step against a kind of movement of competitors such as Google that opened in November 2007,started the social services. For the social networking site that is competing with other and MySpace, Google was showing signs the application developer, that I'll be construction for easier development environment. November 2007, Facebook began service of Facebook Beacon. This service is planed to start a constant source of information about the activities of their own, the user has to be able to share information from other websites to other websites.

My opinion

Piotr! It was fun to be able to listen to your lesson.
I hope A + teacher. If not lifted from A score to see this. Thank you~~~^^

slavery - for extra credit

 slavery - for extra credit 

State that are owned by other people one person.

Slave is the property and belongings by law, is not allowed most of the rights of ordinary free man has. Slavery, has existed in various forms over the age of almost all. Generally, direct buying and selling of header repayment punishment prisoners of war, abduction (slave acquisition), for criminal acts, of debt, or guardian, or a parent, such as the process of transferring ownership to another owner from the original owner through, held in slavery regardless of the will of the person, also the child, and became slaves of almost all. Was that the Western world is declared more than once the Emancipation massive in the 19th century, but the slaves were able to escape from slavery my husband must approve the release.

Slaves, have been clearly distinguished two types of slaves and slave production of lyrics. While the main role of the servant in the house, slaves belonging to the first type speak collected his master, in places like farms and coal mines in most production slaves, worked to produce a product with the marketable . It is believed that civilization through the stage of hunting and gathering, slavery and was developed after it led to the pastoral life. Slaves worked to protect the flock to help his master in pastoral time, and it was treated as part of the family in the house.

The civilization that developed more as Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, face another appeared from this. In other words, while you do housework, slaves of the city worked in crowds in the coal mine fields and master of slaves in the country. Economic system changes to agricultural production in the form of a market that is able to produce a surplus of agricultural production to the extent necessary for the survival, status of slaves was relatively reduced significantly. Rather than a servant of more, slaves has become a commodity that can be traded for profit.

The Greco-Roman civilization, to accept the slave of most, farming lyrics and day-to-day, of course, slaves, was the role of secretary and management. Slave population, did not sell out of the area they belong to the Roman Empire end. Even when the war happened more than once between Arabs, Turks, Christian people of the Arabian Peninsula Islamic forces appeared, slaves came out a lot. However, the Koran is for us to release free the slaves, as soon as the slaves became free men so taught that it is the act of faith is deep was absorbed into the Islamic community.

South American Indians also experienced a state of slavery. After conquering most of the New World, Spaniards, was to work in the fields and mines of Indians in the late 15th century. However, if you die to not withstand long for working conditions and tough and rough disease Europeans has moved many Indians, in order to solve this problem, Spaniards, slaves in Africa in 1517 I began to import. And, in the West Indies in the first of these slaves, the following was sent to the South American continent sugar industry was thriving. In this way the harsh practice of slave farm blacks began.

In North America, slaves in Africa, are placed on a Dutch ship in 1619, arrived for the first time in Virginia was a British colony. At this time, tobacco, and sugar and later, people in the UK had developed a farm profitability that will grow cotton is very high. Number of slaves needed for field work increases, the business in which the resin is fit than the export of slave trading crop is, trade networks sophisticated connecting North America and West Indies and West Africa along the flow like this I was created. Slave who was in Virginia in 1681 and was about 2,000, but the number of slaves in the United States, which the United in the mid-19th century has increased to more than 4 million.

Enlightenment is developed in Europe in the 18th century, moral disgust against slavery began to spread widely. Social organizations to eliminate the slave trade took place in the United Kingdom and the United States. Organization of anti-(anti-) slavery was formed in England in 1823 was succeeded in freeing the slaves in the British colonies in the Western Hemisphere in 1833 around. France abolished slavery in the West Indies in 1848, was terminated forever slavery with the 1865 13th constitutional amendment bill in the United States. Currently, slavery is not recognized as legal from government of any country in the world. Countries of the Arabian Peninsula that this practice was maintained until the end also, was defined as illegal slavery in 1970.

Sociological exploration of slavery is a field of study very important. Usually slave is a outsider other in terms of race, ethnicity, nationality of its owner. In most cases, unlike the will of the person, in a society that lived the original, slaves, will be entrained in other societies, to live as slaves. If regardless of the status of the front of them, it is the people around in the society that has been taken away, or contempt, neglect, verbal abuse, it is treated as barbaric presence is almost slaves. Social attitudes towards slavery, is formed by a number of factors.

About the husband, the difference between the cultural characteristics or ethnic, race and large most part, right to be worse also reduced the status of slaves. For example, in Rome is the whites of both slave and master, Emancipation was usually done. Slaves, were able to participate in many areas of society in many societies of Africa are blacks both slave and master as well. However, my husband is Caucasian pedigree of Europe, it has been despised slaves more than enough is socially marginalized in the United States Southern slaves were black African lineage.

regional conflict - for extra credit

 regional conflict - for extra credit 

Conflict resulting political and economic interests in the region between two or more while being conflict.

Refers to the case of a unit of one regional, inter-regional disparities serious, relationship of inter-regional residents will develop the social relations hostile interests substantial political and economic collide. On the other hand, prejudice negative on the basis of the delay with the local feelings, and has for its residents and other regions, ie, social sense of distance that would residents of the area between the spatially isolated and social has refers to when the social prejudice and stereotypes of one is because of regional disparities political, economic and cultural. At this time, inter-regional disparities, since it is possible to by or applied to any reference standard for comparison variety is present, it is different in relative merits respectively in each region, regional sentiment anywhere while changing its shape (universality of emotions region) which may be present.

Therefore, regional sentiment does not appear to carry a form of inter-regional conflict immediately only be displayed in the form of heterogeneous sense of community between different almost. Therefore, regional conflicts, can be used instead of the area showing the emotion discomfort because of regional disparities, in the form of inter-regional relations that are uplifting one step further.

While changing its shape from country to country, the problem of regional conflicts is present constantly. Serious countries, as a multi-ethnic nation's most racial and ethnic problem problem, a problem of regional conflicts has been laid on the basis of regional conflicts in no small measure. In the case of Western Europe, under the decentralization political structure of feudal society feudal lords ruled, regional conflicts have existed in the form of a war over the territory between the feudal lords, but strictly speaking, this rule I have nothing to do with life of serf general was just a power struggle of the layer.

Therefore, even if there is a regional conflict, exclusion and a direct confrontation between the residents, do not take the form of conflict. Then, after that has been migrated into a modern capitalist society, conflict between the layers is full of political system of civil society and capitalist economic system is in place, conflict between regions, has been relatively weakened . By the local government system as a political system that is able to accept requests from the bottom especially well-equipped, the possibility of a direct collision between regions has been greatly reduced. Regional conflicts in modern society, is showing aspects that disappear while absorbed in the form of racial conflict, or present in the region peripheral of conflict between classes.

aging society - for extra credit

 aging society - for extra credit 

Society in which the proportion of older people increases in the total population.

Pursuant to the (UN) is set, to be precise, called aging society a society that accounts for 70% or more of the total population, the proportion of the elderly population over the age of 65 United Nations. The UN is, the proportion of the elderly population over the age of 65 is equal to 14% or more, aging society, if 21% or more, it is divided into super-aged society. Population over the age of 65 accounted for 7.1% of the entire population on the basis of the July 1, 2000, and entered the aging society in Korea. National Statistical Office, if around 2020, the expected proportion of the elderly population is more than 14%, and entering the aging society in earnest.

Medicine developed, living environment has improved, aging society is the society developed countries type life expectancy resulting extended, it can lead to many problems. Problem of the elderly typical that occur in the aging society is, for example, poverty, disease, loneliness. In the case of developed countries, a considerable amount of time it takes to change the aged society in the aging society, prepare for it was also done in stages and systematic. However, in the case of South Korea, aging society is constructed as quickly as growth rate, shall be deemed to about 20 years only takes. Therefore, I'm struggling to come up with a solution by rapid change. It can be a matter of urgency that the preparation for the aging society, and to re-establish the consciousness and system dimensions national, to prepare the old man welfare system in the developed world type more than anything.

ethical relativism - for extra credit

 ethical relativism - for extra credit 

Right and wrong, good or bad is not absolute, and perspective to be that it is a relatively variable depending on the circumstances of the individual, the environment and society.

It dates back to the Protagoras is a sophist of BC 5 century Greek, these observations have led to the scientific approach sociology, anthropology today.
Many people are aware of their confusing obscuring the view. Ethical relativism is not a faith that is dependent on the environment is what's right simply. Because, everyone, including the absolutist because agree that some circumstances can make a difference. We are recognized as suffering from or strength that person go correct some people from entering in any home is the owner, and whether the customer, or whether police had a warrant. It is not a faith that I think some people are right is dependent on the social conditions of his. This is because, on the back of the things that people think is correct, is because everybody can agree that there is a causal effect.

Ethical relativism is,'s view that is taken to only believe what individuals and society and correct single-mindedly go What truly correct. That some people are thinking will vary depending on it even after what correct because it will vary depending on the time and place. Therefore, ethical relativism is a view on the truth phase of moral principle. That is, according to the case, moral principles change, moral principles are in conflict with each other even be true as well. Therefore, an objective way to justify the principle of Some suitable to all societies and everyone does not exist.

Sociological Nonbyon to defend relativism starts from the cultural diversity of the multiple. For example, type Patterns of Culture of "Culture> To~urujoku Pueblo also Comparing the culture such as lack of foster Kuah North American Indian from the (1934), anthropologist Ruth Beni Dick program in the United States, different from each other Within each culture, also, act with moral beliefs are in conflict with each other, also claim to provide sufficient criteria that member to evaluate properly the behavior of their own individual. Therefore , relativism is not to take away from people the moral guidance of all. However, in practice the moral belief, a particular anthropologist some like Ralph Linton and Luke soul big Clyde, " He pointed out that there is a similarity to penetrate the culture and ethical universality ". In other words, the prohibition of murder, incest, lie and non-fair trade, etc. are present in general. Compared to the special case of moral disagreement, the similarity of these impressive more, this particular discrepancy is that it is understood to take place within the framework basic moral universality and more, is provided I could. In addition, some criticism, so do not have also the foundation of some of assessing the social criticism that occur in society that views of other party ideologist is open free, the view is, social reform de facto point out that it looks as if it would be the idea of ​​castration.

The demonstration of the second to defend relativism, rather than description of what can be verified true-false and moral Onpyo, only a norm for action or thing, to express the feelings of opposition and favor It is Nonbyon of skeptics that. According to this view, the impact of the deviation between the moral Onpyo, is relatively to changes in the conditions that cause such as feelings, attitudes, norms such, there is no basis for any more. It is possible to tell people to criticize skepticism like this and not deny the fact itself that classifies representation sensuous moral Onpyo is that it can function in the belief that the Onpyo has a cognitive content .

It can be said diarrhea or moral Onpyo even if not cognitive opponent 'S is to say its Onpyo, not tying the relationship between the variables only. Moral Onpyo can also be anywhere at any time, to tie the relationship between needs and need essential, in a special way in common to society and human nature. In that case, these requirements can be a good basis to justify to what statements moral other. Critics, for a demonstration of these, the human nature, even if there is such a request or diarrhea, or answer and does not have the requirements common such, relativist is able to find the request It can not, therefore, it is necessary to answer can not be used to provide on the basis of the moral discussion humans.

ultranationalism - for extra credit

 ultranationalism - for extra credit 

Nationalism and nationalist and extreme narrow-minded.

The particularity of the people of their own country, and believe that the best, those of other countries is the ideology of exclusion. It is also called xenophobia, and is also used as a term of contempt for nationalism.

 Nationalism is a policy once it is possible to suppress the direct and the beast other ethnic groups, incite hatred and ethnic hostility. There also be defined as militarism in particular such conditions is emphasized significantly valuable military and military power and military in or when you are in relief across the board nationalism is mature, national crisis is promoted in particular . M. Hertz was named "smooth discard the fuck of me," (Nationalismus) to refer to aggressive expansion and national trends to be distinguished from the original nationalism. It is possible to discover a figure typical noodles save the spirit of the Meiji era of Japan, Prussia of Bismarck reign, Italian fascism, and Nazism in Germany.

Social Network Service (SNS) - for extra credit

 Social Network Service (SNS) - for extra credit 

The service that allows the user to form a personal network over the Internet.

Refers to a service that can be based on a web, people add enhanced networking existing relationships to create a new network of contacts, referred to as SNS only. SNS services are classified into such service with service that provides a means to be able to stay in touch services are classified into certain types of people, friends, a system for recommending something based on the trust of the user Ru.

Such as providing a tool that can be in the form of online community that has been generalized, by collecting the people, or the conversation in the chat, and post on a web site of individual information, the submission, social network of early, specific It was that the group or groups that have an interest in theme to share the service is closed. SNS that can since, individuals play a central role, share and personality in their own interest to collect the user of unique services of several tens of million people is provided, and productive for information sharing and various business It is utilized in applications. Also, SNS is to provide a means that allows a user with each other in contact with each other via the instant messaging services and e-mail. By using SNS, 1 person media to share the information of the individual, to support the communication, community one is possible.

Is most common in North America, Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, and LinkedIn's, Cyworld, link Now, the U.S. Today, in recent years, such as Connect is widely used in Korea. Spread of smartphones in earnest from the second half of 2009, anywhere and will be able to connect to SNS at any time, SNS is now growing rapidly, the user has soared. Use of SNS using a smartphone increases, mobile phone companies, such as providing relevant application, it supports actively, mobile phone handset manufacturers are also released by installing the SNS function in terminal

sex role socialization - for extra credit

 sex role socialization - for extra credit 

Gender roles on the basis of sex biological, human beings have been formed as a result of socialization.

The difference reproductive organs and chromosomes, such as hormones, are divided into men and women, human beings are biological properties and (sex) this. Because of these differences, people think because it is a different existence in nature, women and men in general it natural that figure to live and act and mind is the other.

However, behavior and human psychology, are related to some extent biological outcome, but is not intended to be completely determined by the biological characteristics simply. Be defined trend, and behavioral character of the series, attitudes, preferences defined in most societies, to be desirable, depending on gender and culturally, it is a sanctuary that this. The gender role typical, some as "masculinity" and "femininity". The maleness, refers to the role expected of behavioral traits and attitudes that should have of course if normal men. For example, it is such that curiosity separate strong, it must be achieved oriented reasonable. On the other hand, femininity expected of a woman is obedience to quiet, it is dependent consideration well in others, it includes and emotional characteristics.

Human, "sanctuary socialization" and this process used to learn the gender roles granted to be suitable for their gender in the birth. From the attitude of the most familiar caregivers and parents, up to the value system of society widely, socialization of gender roles as described above is to proceed while interacting with the surrounding environment. First, parents are trying to teach you to define the behavior not appropriate and appropriate action depending on the sex of the child at home. Women pink, even if you are dressed mainly the color of the blue, to the theater, the Son of Man, physically, such as by the more radical movement, men of conscious-unconscious from the time of the baby change significantly behavior of many parents to out in accordance with the sex of the baby. Distinction becomes more severe and grow, children will know that there may not be a good thing to be depending on gender.

In addition, children of the people, when it comes to future adult, to obtain the results social While it is expected of course, while and play with dolls and playing house play with the clothing looks, girl brought up daughter cute and quiet. I would think that to have a career in the future or may be expected, but most parents, having a happy family is the most important women. Education at school, men and women to experience the process of socialization of the contents of another. From subject content, men also, appeared more frequently than women, the role of as a member of society, or, as professionals whereas be emphasized that men and women that it is displayed as a role of housewife primarily, man is more important than women, I instill a recognition that is an entity that will lead the society.

This is not a public, but can attitudes and values ​​that teachers also have a significant impact achievement motivation and behavior, the path of the student. In reality if you want to separate the men and women of secondary education still in most cases, that the value and virtues of different men and women are also highlighted, which is one aspect of the socialization of gender roles. For example, in the case of the boys' school, honesty, hard work, creativity, toughness and is enterprising, it is active, while you emphasize the virtues that are associated with the so-called "maleness" from lessons learned to represent the educational philosophy of the school, In the case of girls' school, and quiet, tolerance, kindness, gentleness, love, beauty traditional "beauty" is indicated by lack of virtue. Of course, military organization, workplace, such as peer group, it is the primary mechanism for sanctuary is responsible for socialization to media, such as newspapers, novels, television, advertising and magazines in addition to this. Separation of the roles of men and women are clearly shown in all aspects of political, economic and legal, such as religion, ethics and morality in fact, this is not socialized individuals again.

There was no problem, especially in traditional societies to emphasize sanctuary femininity and masculinity. Values ​​that a woman must be brought up to a woman manly man, was also the cultural norms if have to accept of course preferably rather. However, after entering recently, social scientists began to criticism to have a meeting about the traditional role of. It would also have some differences between individuals of the same sex, there is a point to be similar in men and women, you can ignore it, by gender biological, prescribed in advance emotion and behavior of human constraints human life was viewed as a quality drop by.

Characteristics defined in the role of women in particular, a problem further in that it made to remain in existence passive depending on the man's life for women. In a strict sense, with the historical norms of role is to eliminate the potential to be developed mainly human was completed as a result. Criticism and discussion of these sanctuary, but it raises the need for alternative exploring that can be while exposing clearly that there is no unique properties of biological properties inherent, to expand more independence and autonomy of human .

Sex - for extra credit

 Sex - for extra credit 

Words to refer to the physical characteristics of men and women and of gender.

Two phenotypes that can be seen in (Species) Many species of an organism, i.e., in the case of humans, male "sex" is - if female, flora and fauna, refers to distinction of sex. To the sex in a broad sense also sexual characteristics and behavior to arise from the fact that the sex of the two hostile presence of such. In general, such as attitudes, behavior, awareness and clothes by biological properties, is expected socially is different from human beings, but this is a (gender role) is sanctuary normal. Humans would recognize that it finds the difference of the structure of the body of the man and woman in childhood, and is distinguished in men and women.

In addition, at this time, to go through a process of identification yourself with people with the same last name as their own parent. While internalized the sanctuary divided people around and the expected developmental stage of each, when it reaches the adolescence, and that they realize the sexual desire and expression of secondary sexual characteristics, individuals form a self-identity as a woman or a man, leading to the establishment.

Sociology - for extra credit

 Sociology - for extra credit 

One area of ​​social science to study the interaction between the individual and collective nature and cause, and results of social relationships.

In addition, research and customs, structure, and system generated from the interaction of these, or by binding them to each other, participate in the first power-populations and organizations to be weakened, also studied the effect on the character and behavior of individual be. You can maintain the sustainability and the fundamental nature of society in a universal way any part, to cause a change, sociology, has been associated with social process. To regulate human behavior, is a very social life. Therefore, social format that has been institutionalized, a significant impact on human behavior. Only thing to explore is not only going to disappear how this form is to establish and develop and interact, how to act on the individual is the subject of sociology. One of the most important in the structure is a family. Order group of other similar, community, economic, political, voluntary various populations, such as special populations, such as the army and the church also belong to the main search area of ​​sociology

Negro problem - for extra credits

 Negro problem - for extra credits 

Various social issues, including the social conflict that takes place between racial and other black people for oppression and social inequality that has been forced to black people.

Phenomenon of trafficking also appeared to record the 8th century already as slaves black, but is a product of conquest transitory activity of the black slave trade, rather than the act of buying and selling a prisoner of war, and a full-scale as part of the economic activity I started it was from the 15th century. Such as Portugal, Spain, UK, France, decided to win enormous economic performance in the slave trade, and colonized the African continent-wide black was form a majority, to continue the domination inhuman black rang. Is a local, but not there was no resistance intermittent, colonial control of white imperialism of blacks has continued.

World War I is over, reflux overall empire of righteousness from the Lord appeared, black African to recover the sovereignty, it has been freed from the yoke of imperialism. World War II is over, it reached in the 1960s, by the diffusion of anti-colonialism worldwide, it's formal many parts of Africa is facing a release but, in order to be able to direct the voluntary development rang. However, despite the significant reflux of the Democratic old-fashioned, it is necessary to abide the underdevelopment and poverty through new economic dependent phenomenon, the Negro, could not enjoy the position socioeconomic better than conventional means . 

The condition social and geographical black African continent blacks the majority of lives, because of the social structure of modern, economic independence of blacks, have suffered severe damage before that remains stubbornly still is a reality-stricken to poor living conditions and hunger large still. In South Africa, white supremacy inhuman has spread like wildfire across the savage still, in spite of the oil painting course of action in the late 1980s, discrimination against blacks is still continuing. Thus, in South Africa, the resistance of black people has continued still, this has been accused of pubic area of ​​a maximum of international politics today.

Currently, with the exception of Africa, it is none the demographic largest black, therefore, the problem of black to appear sharply most and the United States. To fundamentally transform the human rights of black people in the United States, the Civil War which forms the apex of American modern history (1861-65) led to a new direction of American society.

However, social not between black and white that is left in a state that, despite the release of the relation of slavery, what guarantee social and economic also not given blacks, has been established in this process and continues up to the present, equality, has become a source America, black-and-white conflict. In terms of type of relationship legal, there is no place that is different from the Caucasian black, but in the social relations of fact, inequality and discrimination are widespread. In the southern region, followed by the addition of various restrictions to the exercise of civil rights that black oppression and discrimination against blacks was rampant should enjoy still after the Civil War. It was better relatively in proportion to the south, but because also in the north, social inequality had real existence yet, when viewed as a whole, phenomenon repressive against blacks was common. As a result, inside the black, it has been brought movement to resist the social inequality is not end to, but since the beginning of the 20th century, organization National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, such as (NAACP) is black and developed various activities against the racial oppression of many operations, including discrimination against.

On the other hand, the environment 1.2 World War is over, bring a partial improvement of social rights and interests of black people in the United States has been construction. In addition, social and cultural status of black people is improved for the development of social security and the expansion of general education, black people in the resistance movement organized nonviolent black people is diffused discrimination traditional for the interests began to weaken significantly. Of course, anti-flow (anti-) racist that has spread all over the world have helped to change this situation.

In the midst of such ruling and "unconstitutional racial discrimination in the public schools," the Supreme Court ruled in 1954 became the turning point of the black movement in the United States. Movement of longitudinal half of the starting lineup has expanded across the United States in the wake of this. And black movement, was revealed to the surface violent that emerged from the struggle complete devotion non-violent and legal petition movement, put someone in civil war that gave the whole area streets and struggle with diversified gradually. Such a movement, showed the appearance of the 1960s in particular, the big breakthrough is inspired by the flow resistance of liberal radicalism of Shinjowapa movement and the student movement that hit all over Europe and the United States.

History of the black movement in the United States, has inseparable from the name of Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. Both of which are typical leaders in spite of the large difference in position, led the black movement in the United States. In American society, Malcolm X's, in particular, began to lead the black movement radical is based on the philosophy fundamentalist that is based on Islam and the experience of growing their own to speak for the unfortunate growth of black. Revered absolute had received from black people in the United States these became vividly clear from the fact that after they are assassinated, black movement exploded with excitement and huge anger. 

On the other hand, began to be distinguished in terms of struggle form in philosophy surface, black movement later, is showing aspects of practice with a variety of struggle. Black-and-white conflict in the United States are left to the heart of the conflict of society still. You can see that the things in the problem rooted in the difference of just a race, it is conducive to exclusivity of white for the resolution of the black problem, Negro problem in the United States, was placed on social status similar to black cooperation with society various layers are blocked. In such a situation, the problem of black, in the liberal democracy American politics, it is clear up a problem around, non-political at all times, the resolution has been delayed.

Introduction to Sociology/Demography

 Demography 

Summary

The study of the statistical distribution, the size and density of the population, such as birth, death or marriage.



Census personnel, or mail questionnaire to the input of the census of 2006 ...

In recent years, the interaction of economic development and population explosion, and the population, the effect of contraception, is inclined interest overcrowding, illegal immigration, also labor statistics in urban areas.

Based on the record of the Baptist and the dead from the end of the 16th century, written by John Grant of the UK <Natural and PoliticalObservations……Madeupon the Bills of Mortality> origin demographic is a (1662).

In order to find the regularity of statistical, grant, investigated the fertility of male and female sex ratio at birth in rural areas and some London (sex ratio), and mortality. Create a table of statistics of mortality first, he contributed greatly to this field. He was able to be men of military service age group, about police number, as well as the total number of households of fertile women, also the population of London, while analysis of the birth and death rates. Pioneer of another who contributed to for fixing the investigation modern demographic, was Johann Ju Alpenmilch of Germany. In his book <divine order DieGöttlicheOrdnung> called (1741), he analyzed a population of 1,056 or parish city and state some of Prussia, Brandenburg. In addition, I have created a table of statistics of mortality including some statistical tables of mortality in the first of the total population of Prussia.

In Europe in the 18th century, interest in public health and the development of life insurance increases, statistics study of mortality has been actively promoted. In the 19th century, with regard to public issues such as birth, death, marriage, instead of the registry office of the church, government agency in charge of the record. In addition to this, the census also began to develop. The study of the demographic of the 19th century, mortality was emphasized in general.

However, demographers our birth rate is to decline rapidly in the industrialized countries in the late 19th century, began to study in earnest also birth rates and mortality. Nature is also not negligence, in particular, while accepted as a phenomenon reminiscent of the development of intelligence, as indicated by research and theory Charles Darwin, Francis Galton, the difference in birth rates such, evolutionary I called such a wide interest.

Between the first World War 1.2, demography is to have a relationship more in other areas, the International Association for the Study of scientific of the population was founded in 1928. Analysis of statistical data is more sophisticated, the number of research organizations, magazines and international organizations to investigate the population statistics has increased considerably, but a demographic study of most of the records of such births and deaths and census still I have a basic creation. It can not be said to be perfectly fine no matter how census, but in the country of registration history is long, usually, statistical data on birth and death, marriage made by the local government agencies, but the more accurate.

Marriage - extra credit

 Marriage - extra credit 

Under the legal and social approval, men and women will join connecting as husband and wife.

Is controlled through the laws, conventions, customs, beliefs, attitudes, which defines the rights and obligations of the spouse, the offspring will have a legal and social status. Marriage takes place in the society and culture of all, marriage is because they have the ability social and personal some basic. Personal, such as love, status, camaraderie and consumption, evaluation of your adjustable, child-rearing, education in the basic features like this, reproductive, and meet gender, social, pedigree, gender division of labor, and economic production it is possible to increase the satisfaction and desire Na.

If based on the biological evolution, more you paper evolution, the period during which it is dependent on the mother to grow up but from the moment you were born to survive a longer and its descendants. The man who is the most advanced, time to become an adult in all species is the longest. The mother, many obligations are given more to grow the most children, but for the upbringing of children appropriate, broad participation of the father is required.

Altruism - extra credit

 Altruism - extra credit 

Act theory put for the benefit of others the purpose of the moral behavior of ethics.

Altruistic: Auguste Comte, the founder of positivism in the 19th century is created, the term (altruisme in French from Latin alter the meaning of "others") is, as appropriate antonym for selfishness The commonly used.

It's key is how to interpret the concept of "profit" in order to altruism has a consistent behavioral theory of one. "Earnings" If the meaning and joy of pain if member, altruist most would agree to be in the reduction of pain and promotion of joy obligation of moral actors. Same demonstration is satisfied even if the purpose of life and happiness. However, critics poses the following questions.

If you do not have a moral obligation to any person and to pursue their own happiness, then, whether there is a duty to give why other people get happiness for him on earth. Another problem is the conflict between the long-term benefits and short-term pain. Such conflict occurs when the benefits of actors draw in the mind in particular does not match the expectations of the beneficiaries. Utilitarian who some British Herbert Spencer, such as Les Jururi Stephen, criticized the distinction of self and others is the basis of self-interest and altruism. Society, ie, utilitarian saw the welfare of social organism the purpose of moral behavior.

Egoism - extra credit

 Egoism - extra credit 

(Derived from ego in the sense of "I " in Latin)
Ethical theory that claims line and has placed the foundation to the pursuit of self-interest .

The word may also be used by mistake in terms of self- centric , which means that it is overemphasized your value sometimes . The egoism theory , and not a problem with the philosophy of what the ego , there is a more relevant ideas and common sense of interest and personal individual .

Also , I think by humans to promote the interests and welfare of themselves and that they should pursue the completion . However, human beings , because there are times when you do not know where to find their own interests at times , to be aware of its benefits , it admits that it must be India . Ethics many theories have a tendency of selfishness . The hedonism of ancient Greece , I claimed each that said they should pursue the greatest happiness of their own .

Spinoza , claimed to be a line of self-preservation in a different way to rational theorists Baruhi and materialist Thomas Hobbes in the 17th century . In addition , people who have highlighted the concern for the growth and moral conscience of myself , is skinny as in the sense like this . In contrast , there is also consider ethics more social aspects of human beings . In this case , emphasize the importance of the community than the importance of the individual . In the opinion of these , there is a theory cosmopolitanism of the Stoics , the cognate solidarity principle , such as utilitarianism , but these belong to the form that called all , positivist Auguste Comte is altruistic . However , it is not possible to distinguish clearly always altruism and selfishness .

Advertising - extra credit

 Advertising - extra credit 

 

Summary

Technology that is used to draw the attention of the masses , such as products, services and opinions and exercise .

It is to persuade people to react in a uniform way for the content of advertising primarily is an object . The most ads , there is a deep relationship with the sale or promotion of any product , but it is allowed to vote for political candidates who or when , you can induce a safe driving to the people , to support the charity of many , as well as advertising of the product method is used . Is a source of income the most important in the mass media newspapers and magazines , such as television , advertising in many countries , have come to market , which is equivalent to several billion U.S. dollars in the world of non- Communist bloc .

Advertising of the Middle Ages and ancient , was descended from mouth to mouth . Progress first in modern advertising was possible in the development of letterpress printing has done in the 16th century and 15th century . In the 18th century led to the ad began to appear in the weekly magazine , which is published in London in the 17th century , such advertisements have been actively carried out . Development of industry massive of the 19th century , were grown advertising industry . When the advertising agency appeared was also the 19th century immediately in the United States . Advertising early stage companies was only in brokerage commissions you and finds the sheet of newspaper . However , including illustrations and advertising text , advertising company led to the early 20th century , which is to make direct advertising messages , the 1920s , and preparation , advertising from the investigative phase of the first , and advertising in the media a number of through to be published , to plan the perfect advertising strategy , it was ready to run .

The main media used in advertising , there are about 8 or so , become the most basic among them is the newspaper . Newspaper to provide a chance for you to change the ads frequently on a regular basis a number of circulation , and readership , lies close to the land of Yukari business advertisers to advertisers . In addition , it is also possible it is possible to attract the interest of the general public , and aimed at the readers of certain interest computer outdoor sports and , in literature , magazines are the major print media of other production interest of such people the people who , I provided me the opportunity to contact with people only become customers in the future. Many magazines nationwide by issuing the regionals , advertising that matches the characteristics of the region is us to be able to .

Media that is most widespread in the industrialized countries of Western Europe , is a television and radio . In some countries , for radio and TV are operated by state-owned , advertising is not allowed , but you can buy airtime that can advertisers do spot advertising of one minute or less in other countries possible. Spot advertisements are broadcast during the program or the middle of the normal program , but the time may be an advertiser can specify , broadcasting station defining . The most important factor in selecting a specific program of radio and television advertisers to export the ad , the number of listeners and viewers is how much , if the composition ratio he has become . The number of listeners and viewers , is a determinant of the amount broadcasters to charge advertisers , component ratio is , that to be able to select the broadcast time of the advertisement message advertiser to target the masses of specific is a determining factor .

As an advertising medium of other , transit advertising , which can be accessed millions of people using direct mail , which can be more finely , and to induce the interest of the individual person , poster or billboard , public transport , Ya match there is such a heterogeneous medium , including promotional materials , the exhibition hall and calendar.

Knowledge of the masses , of course, have to be produced and advertising are based on the use of the procedure of the medium to the most effective advertising . The strategy for configuring the advertising campaign complex , to use the media , advertising agencies , is based on a survey of consumer behavior and demographic analysis from the market . People who want to transmit the most advertising messages and also be seen , in order to provide an effect on them , the advertising strategy , advertisers also to run ads across media production ingenious advertising messages should be accompanied by a selection process planning and without the chance . Because of a limited budget , the advertiser must make a fundamental choice . Then , it will be determined in accordance with the selection of the advertiser , how would like to transmit the advertisement message of its own . In other words , is determined to target a lot of people , targeting small person , and whether the ads several times , or whether the advertising of a small number . Strategic decision-making of other operations, including the selection of these , sent down in the context of the verification of the advertising campaign .

There is no room for discussion about the power of advertising to inform , such as which product is being marketed to consumers . In the free market economy , that to be effective advertising affects the survival of the company . This is because, if the consumer does not know about a product like any company , it is not to buy the product . However, by advertising costs are included in the product price , criticized supposed to pay the commodity prices relatively high , and to be borne instead advertising costs the advertiser has been raised by consumer .

There is also a claim that we should make a price by the contrary , the ad is to enable the mass production and consumption of goods . In addition , it is possible that the cost of a major advertising campaign is very high , only a few companies will bear the cost of your advertising simply , therefore , that help us to be able to several companies dominate the market advertising there is also a claim . However , on the other hand , such claims can not be small businesses to compete with large companies on a nationwide scale , it would solidify his position by the ads on a scale regional to be or claim to be can .

In addition , advertisers , there is also a claim of legitimate content of the medium in which they have used , that is , giving the effect of too much to the character of television shows and tone of a newspaper editorial . Conversely, if the media strong financially , the fact is to place an advertisement , in order to have no choice but to rely on the mass media , and being able to repel interference ads as described above also been noted were . However , if any compromises the media endanger the independence of the medium and the particular advertiser , is going to lose the user of the medium will then contact the ad as a result.

election - extra credit

 election - extra credit 

Summary

Reject formal process you can elect public officials by vote , to accept the proposal political .

Election , is one of the means that society and constitute a tissue and a formal decision specific . As a system for making the order certain about the power relations in the community , the election of a free place to function at the same time as a way to pursue obedience political sacrifice a minimum of personal freedom vote . Essence of democratic elections is a freedom of choice . Another feature of the vote , vote , is that it can be appreciated a certain population , tissue , a procedure with a special authority in the country . Through the vote , the representative of the results in the future , to determine the important policy of the country will be elected .

 In some countries , in the case of individuals to vote , you are prompted to run the only formal role of some extent, but this is not a real election . Voters kind of election like this just there to be ratified choose to control population had already decided just dictator or . The size of the electoral college increases, the problem of election management has become increasingly complex . The purpose of election management is such that it provides the best way to promote the convenience of those who were able to guarantee the rights of voters , and to minimize the cost of elections , to phone in seats votes , to prevent fraud . The institutional apparatus for achieving these goals , some legislation law on vote counting voter registration law , voting methods , and vote , on seat distribution , and Corrupt Practices Act .

The elections at the time , voter registration authority should be established in order to determine for a person that has a right to vote on the basis of law , to prevent voting by people with no qualifications to vote . Registration procedures shall impose the vote only bear minimal to meet the achievement of these objectives . Further , the procedure may have to provide a means which can be kept up to date the electoral roll . 

Appropriate identification to the voter , is at the heart of a healthy voter registration system . In the Philippines and some states of the United States , signed the voter is used as a means of identification . The signature at the time of registration , voter , to re-sign the vote at the time . By comparing the two signatures , elections official , to verify the identity . In parts of Africa and higher India , fingerprint is used for the same purpose is illiteracy . Time the election is carried out , such as the opening and closing time day of the week , the polling place is an important consideration. Sometimes (in the case of legislative machine that has been fixed) election , is specified after the harvest of autumn or after sowing of spring in the agricultural country . The day of the week , is particularly important in industrial countries must be performed periodically labor . I decided on election day Sunday and holidays in most countries of Europe except the United Kingdom . In the United States elections most are being carried out on Tuesday , during the time some states are required to vote , you are permitted by law the members in the workplace .

The Parliament of Western European countries , fierce debate ensued about the voting process in the 19th century . Protection of freedom of voters from external influences , protection from ticket act , became the main concern was ensuring honest vote counting . Of these, the first problem , is secured with the appropriate organization of the election procedure of the whole , the second time , eye problems and three , by secret ballot plan , and Secretary of the electoral process representatives of competition party I was able to solve by making Union. Usually , staff in charge of the management of local elections is a ( office of the UK AD ) management of local government authorities (or governor of France ) Management of central authority .

Basic principles of today's election is a normal , equality and direct and non- wheat - free election . South Korea current Constitution defines the basic principles of the election "normal , equality and direct and secret election of the people " of Article 67 Section 1 and Article 41 paragraph 1 . Universal suffrage is a system which correspond to the restriction election . The universal suffrage , without the requirement social status of tax payments , and other financial power , race , faith , gender , and education , to all citizens having reached a certain age , a system that allows the right to vote in principle says .

It is a system that equality election corresponds to the inequality election or election the difference , in principle, one vote one person , and have made it a vote of equal value of all electors . Differential election , based on the ( tax payments ), or the like social status , education , property , and there is more than one voting system to grant the right to vote in more than one electoral particular . Rather than seek only equality of the value of the surface of the vote , election equality requires to equality of result value of the vote . Therefore , Of particular concern today , this is a problem in the inequality arising from malapportionment and election compartment such as constant population proportion . It is a system of election corresponds to the indirect direct election , general election is directly elected representatives . 

In the indirect election , voters generally remains in order to elect the mid-term elections , this mid-term election to elect a representative . But if you get the results of the midterm elections is consistent with the will of the voters of the general procedures of useless is , if results different from the will of the voters of the general on the contrary, it becomes harmful . Therefore , with the development of democracy and improvement of political consciousness general , indirect election of the democracies of the modern , have lost their raison d'etre . It is a system of secret election corresponding to the public election , a third party so that the do not know to whom the elector did they vote . Voting contents "Paper secret voting system as" government issue ballot system " by secret ballot selection of secret election is a" denial system " .

 Free elections is a system that corresponds to the election forces . A forced election , it is a system of sanctions by certain things to a person to give up without a good reason , have made it mandatory to exercise their right to vote . For example , we have defined as the obligation of the people to join the 62nd Article Egypt Constitution , to the election , that it can be defined as guilty not to participate in elections and to define the obligation Article 26 Austrian Constitution , voting has been documented . In the case of Belgium , in addition to the moral sanctions on first offenders , so that publish its obligations violate the Offenders.

global warming (extra)

 global warming (extra) 

As a result of the greenhouse effect, the phenomenon that the average global temperature rises. 

Trace gases in the atmosphere (O3), such as water vapor (NO2), tropospheric ozone (CH4), nitrogen compounds, carbon dioxide (CO2 carbon dioxide), chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), methane, short-wavelength components of the solar energy incident on the Earth has the property of absorbing long-wavelength component that is transmitted through and reflected from the earth. In this action, the temperature of the earth, remains high 33 ℃ about as compared with the case where they are not present. 

Called greenhouse effect and this effect is referred to as a greenhouse gas to these gases. Today, the expansion of industrial activities in various increasing use of fossil fuels, an increase of deforestation, such as agriculture and industry, for example, using freon gas, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased rapidly. If you go to this trend, it is expected that the greenhouse effect is further increased, the temperature of the Earth rises, glaciers, icebergs melt, sea level and rise, major changes will come in the environment surrounding the man. 

As a result, the environment through various meetings, you need to create an emissions control measures greenhouse gases worldwide, around the world are put into practice.

Industrialization (extra)

 Industrialization (extra) 

Process that is converted to socio-economic order the heart of the industry. 

It does not mean can be explained clearly at all times, the cause and how agricultural country to develop into industrial countries, but the change that occurred in the UK during the industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries is, the initial of the countries of Western Europe and North America became the prototype of the process of industrialization and that's for sure. 

In the process of industrialization technical components (for example, such as the use of power as an alternative to such small-horse and the previous mechanization of the labor force) is attached, it was accompanied by a variety of social development. Workers who had been bound by feudal duty and customs basis becomes free, free labor market that entrepreneurs have an important role in the social type specific (capitalists) are marked with the creation has been. People who lived in rural areas, gathered in the new industrial area and industrial city. 

Countries into account the process of industrialization relatively late and tried to deform to fit the circumstances of the country, some of these factors. For example, I accomplish industrialization through the deletion of the entrepreneur with the use of forced labor mainly, on the other hand, in the case of Japan, the government intervened strongly, countries like the Soviet Union, to stimulate the role of capitalist , I drove. By commercialize-mechanized agriculture mainly, other countries, such as New Zealand and Denmark in particular, have achieved industrialization. 

Industry of the city is developed, given a wide range of no similar case history is private and free movement of individuals, but at the same time, the development of the industry, had to pay the price of social and psychological. Scholar Karl Marx, such as Emile Durkheim pointed out that workers experience in front of the goal to change rapidly and labor appear to be no meaning as "alienation" and "anomie". Individuals in isolation for the dismantling of the community and extended family, traditional values ​​had changed meaningless.

Industrialism had created a new strain of poverty by the mechanism of growth itself, and its victim, for several reasons, competition in accordance with the rules of order industry has become just impossible. The automated technique in the major industrial countries of the end of the 20th century, place the phenomena such as expanding services sector, which is gradually expanded, the city suburbs, some scholars foresaw the coming of late industrial society.

Introduction to Sociology/Family

 Family 

 Form of family organization 

This means that a man and a woman sexual relationship was legalized, all cultures have recognized the importance of the nuclear family units consisting of children of unmarried couple. Is composed of a spouse and relatives that together house and food from home was the oldest family members and form of social organization is the nuclear family unit, there is also a group. However, a couple or nuclear family, family is the organizational unit of the family the most basic in society substantially all, organizational form of other family members, such as the composite family and extended family is the basis of the nuclear family or, I include a unit similar to the structure of them.

(Usually, most) his spouse, family complex is composed of tatami, children and sometimes central figure. This can be seen in the place where many and various parts of the world, is universal in the society of traditional African, polygamy is permitted in particular. For example, in West Africa, it is possible that some men take more than one wife, is composed of their children and their wives each, the maximum of the sub-family unit. There is an example of monogamy dub better to to most men become most women soil dozen group in southern India and universal as (family) much.

Married of course, their spouses and children and relatives, includes a children children of unmarried parents. The main feature is that rather than people of the house and to live together to share the economic responsibility to each other and property assistance. Have a family set of common in some areas of India in the form of a family structure similar, but living in households was both wife and children and brothers.

Is composed of children and one of the parents, common variant of the nuclear family is a single-parent family. Is formed by divorce or bereavement of a spouse, in the case of a woman, which is formed by the raising of a child alone without marriage in particular. In many parts of Africa, as a family unit of the foundation, the family of the flagellum is more common than the nuclear family actually.

 Development of modern family 

I is believed that in most cultures , whether it is patriarchal , the ancient family , was a male dominant . Women who were able to get a concubine and more than one wife , was in a relatively low position of chief men < Old Testament > . 

From what Homer drew from classical literature , that the family is an important unit of economic relations , of course , is a Jidon political unit control disputes with the formation of the coalition is made , in the foundation of personal prestige there . Family and the political system is developed , became the stage of power and intrigue turned to more personal .

In Europe , the spread of Christianity , is deformed in the form of a family . By the church to prohibit marriage between close relatives , authority of kinship group and extended family is broken to the dispersion of power , influence of relatives and Jokuu~ehon have been performed . Family turned into a unit of micronucleus passed to the church most of the authority in a broad units receptive self that has the authority of each member through the prohibition of marriage between close relatives . In addition, the cohesion of the family a large group is weakened , unity through marriage is important , relatives large populations in medieval Europe , was turned into the center point of the unity of the inner ring .

Development of industry in many parts of the world and the industrial revolution of the West has led to major changes in the structure of the family . Many people , such as young people resulting in a rapid change of the type of life and work , do not get married left the rural , industrialization and urbanization has become a labor of industry of the city . And , extended family was dismantled in many areas along with the phenomenon that is converted to the industrial economy of the city from the agricultural economy of rural areas .

 Childbirth and parenting 

In traditional societies , the value of the children were considered to be thing that the couple has a lot of children is good , was evaluated as labor rights and the couple has . However, in modern society , the economic contribution of children is very important for the family , birth face has changed a lot in the advancement of technology . 

The couple , now able to adjust the timing of pregnancy and the number of children by using contraception artificial . Increase the probability that can couple with the problem of birth to obtain a child , rather than a blood relationship , advances in medicine and legal procedures relating to quantum adoption , and the like parenting , reasonably family members to say to both simultaneously it was to present an alternative that can be put to.

In all societies , children are absolutely necessary to define the life of the family , society many scholars are regarded as functions of the first family of the child-rearing . Birth is a phenomenon in biological and social . Husband and wife became the parents at birth is necessary role readjustment . Figure parents to adapt to after delivery depends on the cultural practices and personal environment , but in all societies , if you want to take care of children of past and present , parents have an important role .

One of the most important features of the modern family , society Some scholars have cited the primary socialization of children . As part of the child-rearing , primary socialization , which means teaching children to perform an early age , has been carried out in the family , it contains a teaching language , appropriate action , such as the use of the toilet , the basics are out . Children of other , secretly prompted to accept the values ​​of the parent society and their own lives .

Child grows , when it comes to independence gradually , the role of the parent is free much responsibility to nurture a child is changed. On the other hand , Old age care is the welfare of aged parents is a child role changes to some extent .