(extra) Individualism

Importance of individual freedom and rights, and all that on the basis of personal attitudes and regulatory initiatives of its institutions. The original meaning of the individual 'that can not be divided any more' of atoms (atom) with the same meaning. Thus, the historical clues of the ancient Greek individualism can be traced back to atomism. However, the organizing principle of individualism, secular society is a direct cause of the (1) Protestantism (1) Enlightenment (3) natural rights ideas, (4), etc., you will find a free market economy.

 

(1) for the secular and corrupt Roman Catholic Church Protestantism (Luther; Martin Luther, John Calvin; Jean Calvin) to assert the legitimacy of the Bible and found a direct relationship with God and that the emphasis on self-reflection was. Here is a remedy to help churches and marginal means of personal salvation is not isolated to obtain confirmation of the emotions and self-confidence were rationalized their independent living. Here is their spirit of individualism magnetically annealed shown above.

 

(2) However, the internalization of these beliefs are premised on universal values, but exclude the two strictly by faith 'religious freedom' is far from quite unlike. Which is freedom of faith in politics should be agnostic about the sect that "separation of church and state" This is the philosophy of the Enlightenment in France in the 18th century was envisioned. Where individualism is opposed to a single authority, the authority of the political system as secure as a pluralistic, respectively.

 

(3) On the other hand, through the 17th and 18th century, located in the middle of the country with a group of individuals, or a large family, municipal, guilds, feudal lords command, such as the dissolution of the earth church social practices became the foundation for individuals to lose existing new Ethics and social institutions was to pursue the initiative. Individualism is at the level of the political rights of individuals (especially property rights) based system is suitable definition of natural rights ideology (Hobbs; Thomas Hobbes, Locke; John Locke) appeared as.

(4) for this stage of the economy is based on individualism, self-interest of individuals as a result of market transactions do not intend to bring the benefit of society as a whole is the idea of ​​nature as a harmonious, respectively.

 

Individualism was originally isolated from a single community to advocate for the individual, but it is essentially a criticism of the existing social system, it was necessary to ask. About this idea of ​​individualism in a society established to some extent in the more individualistic society requires the strengthening of personal transformation philosophy was practical. Existing political and social movements opposed to the rule of ethical, political power does not require intensive promotion of commercial society, free from traditional social customs and culture lead character, more enlightened universal and rational judgment 'personality development 'romantic pursuit of liberal individualism that is an example of such. However, resistance to authority, the expansion of self-determination, freedom from bondage, freedom of commerce requests individualistic society lose the common goal of order and stability might be threatened. So the 19th century is the common goal of social policy as soon as an individual's pleasure and pain that comes from ideas to maximize the utility of the total, respectively. "The greatest happiness of the greatest number" utilitarianism is that you will pursue.

 

On the other hand, from the 19th century through the 20th century, a lot of the criticism of reality appeared individualism. Forms the basis of social class individuals under capitalism and industrialization, urbanization, according to the opposition or 'alienation' and falls into a crisis of self-loss. It no longer has its own personality based on personal and social environment does not have to wipe the community to break the stability and legitimacy tteurinda. They talk, conversation, advice, courtesy, consideration and friendship of such conduct to avoid the personal indulgence , and selfish, helpless, and will escape criticism was that nature. McPherson about this reality (Crawford B. Macpherson) is' progressive individualism, "argues that the idea of ​​justice based on distributive found. In addition, Hayek (Friedrich August von Hayek) is "true individualism" and insists on the idea that the intermediate groups based on the conduct or social mores found. Kireukegoreu (Søren Aabye KierKegaard) and Nietzsche (Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche) individualist ethics, such as the small number of exceptional individuals (genius) created by the political and cultural sought. 'Flexible individualism' Toya conversation by pursuing cultural personality. Their commercial activities in recent years to live life like a brick through trial and error or by an individual's self-esteem and discipline philosophy being advocated.