Telephone Etiquette (extra)

Telephone etiquette refers to a set of rules that apply when people make calls to others or when they are receiving a phone call. There are slightly different rules for a variety of situations. and making and receiving personal calls is not the same as making/receiving business calls. Within this set of rules, there can be additional differences, especially for business calls where companies may want callers or receivers to say certain things.

For personal calls, the caller should identify him/herself when not recognized right away. When calling a friend or relative, for instance, after the initial “Hello,” the caller should come up with a greeting and identification, such as “Hello, this is John.” Sometimes, a last name is needed if the person being called is an acquaintance or a business representative. 

Etiquette says that next should come a request for something, such as speaking to someone else in the house. Variations exist on this, like “May I speak to Horatio,” or “Is Horatio available?” If Horatio is not available, it may be necessary to leave a brief message, but it should be one easy to write down. Sometimes, the only thing necessary is to leave a phone number.

Urban Planning (extra)

Urban planning is a branch of architecture that focuses on organizing metropolitan areas. Made up of several different fields, from engineering to social science, this practice was developed to correct problems caused by cities expanding spontaneously, without planning. At its core, city planning aims to provide a safe, organized, and enjoyable home and work life for residents of both new and established towns. Today, some of the largest concerns of urban planning are building locations, zoning, transportation, and how a town or city looks. Planners also try to eliminate run down areas and prevent their development, as well preserve the natural environment of the area.
urbanization is good or bad. because it can help people live comfortly,but destroy natural.
so urban planning have two means.

Tolerance (extra)

Tolerance means to tolerate or put up with differences. It means showing respect for the race, religion, age, gender, opinions, and ideologies of other people or groups. This concept means different things to different people, but it is when something is disagreeable that tolerance is expected, and in more politically correct cultures, demanded.

There are many different ways to show tolerance. A person might fully disagree with others on any issue from religion to same sex marriage, while at the same time respecting those with different opinions and treating them with dignity and respect. Disagreement alone does not equal intolerance.

One problem is the fact that this respect is sometimes one-sided. Those who disagree with a particular issue must respect the opinions of those who advocate it, but some advocates feel justified in labeling those who disagree with hateful terms, and vice versa. People on both sides of an issue must be tolerant of each other. 

When it comes to controversial issues, tolerance may also represent a “let’s agree to disagree” stance. It does not mean that a person has to accept or embrace words, actions, or ideas that are against his or her values or beliefs. It simply means that each person agrees to respect the other’s right to his or her feelings on the matter. When both parties have expressed their opinions, and it is obvious that neither is likely to change position, agreeing to disagree is often the most amicable outcome.

pessimist (extra)

A pessimist is a person who nurtures a consistently negative attitude, expecting the worst of people and of situations. This outlook persists regardless of facts or circumstances that might indicate a more balanced or positive reality. He or she relates to the “half empty glass,” ignoring the fact that the glass is also half full. This type of person typically believes that the world is quite bad and is growing bleaker all the time.

Pessimism is a temperamental trait, whereas depression is a clinical disease. In some instances, both pessimism and depression might be present, and it might be possible that a consistently negative attitude could lead to depression. In terms of treatment, this type of person suffers from a habit of thinking negatively that can be willfully changed through treatments like psychotherapy. Persistent depression, on the other hand, is linked to decreased levels of serotonin and typically requires medication.

For some people, a pessimistic attitude serves as a source of sardonic humor and might even be a coping mechanism. People that fall into this category might feel they are actually warding off negativity by being prepared for the worst. "If you continually expect the worse, you are apt to be pleasantly surprised a lot. If you always expect the best, you may be disappointed frequently." This can be a reasonable rationale for some people.

racism (extra)

A race is a group of people that come from a common background, and that group is generally determined based on skin color. Commonly, but not always, people are categorized into one of five races: White, Black, Latino or Hispanic, Asian, and Indigenous or Native. Racism then, is the discrimination or prejudice of a person or group based on the racial group she or they belong to, although it's not always that simple.

This term is actually used in many ways. Some refer to it as white supremacism, the belief that the Caucasian race is superior to all other races. Others define racism as discrimination against a particular race’s culture, beliefs or traditions. The word might refer to the idea that a single race is somehow purer than other races, or that one race genetically exhibits dominance over others. Some believe that race can be a way to determine behavior and performance.

Racism can be used to refer to prejudice based on race against one person or a group of people; it can be expressed either overtly or subtly. Overt expressions are perhaps the easiest to identify; it is fairly simple to see that the actions of the Ku Klux Klan, for example, are racist. They openly proclaim superiority of the white race and inferiority of non-white races.

Communism (extra)

Communism has been a major historical theme since the Bolshevik Revolution of Russia in 1917. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels popularized the communist ideology in their 1848 work, Communist Manifesto. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, founder of the Bolshevik Party, was inspired by this work and eventually became the first Communist ruler of Russia.

Communism sounds like a good idea. In the purest form of communism, all people hold all land, factories and so on in trust, as it were. In this way, all goods are shared equally by the people. There is no poverty — nor is there an upper class. In the Depression-era America of the 1930s, many people joined the Communist Party because it seemed to be sympathetic to the needs and desires of the worker, rather than to the bosses.

Unfortunately, communism in practice tends to be somewhat different, as those who have lived in the 20th century know. Communism as practiced by Lenin, Stalin and Chairman Mao is an entirely different proposition. This kind of communism sets up an authoritarian government, with the best goods and services going to those in government.

What Skills are Needed for Information Technology Employment? (extra)

There are a wide range of skills that provide opportunities for information technology employment. The skill sets necessary to have a career in this industry is based on three types of positions: development, support and analysis. Combine these skills together to take advantage of an entire range of new positions that are in high demand.

All information technology careers require a similar set of basic skills. A solid understanding of mathematical concepts and a high degree of skill in data manipulation and multiple step logic is required. Communication skills and the ability to understand a wide range of perspectives is critical. Detail orientation and mental focus are necessary skills.

 

Development positions include programmers, system developers and computer configuration staff. A degree in math, computer science, or computer engineering is a basic requirement. Additional certification in specific programming languages and techniques are required to maintain information technology employment. New programming languages are continually being developed.

Support staffs in information technology are generally divided into two roles: user support and hardware support. User support includes assisting with computer software purchase, installation and training. Degrees or diplomas in technology, adult education or computers are all helpful for these roles. Employment as support staff often includes training, writing documentation, working on a help desk and troubleshooting. Communication and people skills are the most important tools required for this type of position.

the Difference Between Socialism and Communism (extra)

Socialism and communism are ideological doctrines that have many similarities as well as many differences. One point that is frequently raised to distinguish socialism from communism is that socialism generally refers to an economic system, and communism generally refers to both an economic system and a political system. The means of production are publicly owned in both systems, but the ways that money and resources are distributed are different. In socialism, each person is allotted resources according to his or her input, or amount of work, and in communism, each person is allotted resources according to his or her needs. Many people consider communism to be a "higher" or more extreme form of socialism.

As an economic system, socialism seeks to manage the economy through deliberate and collective social control. Communism, however, seeks to manage both the economy and the society by ensuring that property is owned collectively and that control over the distribution of resources is centralized to achieve both classlessness and statelessness. Under communism, all people are considered equal and are provided for equally, regardless of their contributions to the economy or to society. This is different from socialism, but both socialism and communism are similar in that they seek to prevent many of the ill effects that are sometimes associated with capitalism, such as economic inequality.

What Are the Different Types of Youth Worker Qualifications? (extra)

Many types of youth worker qualifications begin with education. Youth worker qualifications range from having high energy to having a clean criminal background. Although the qualifications can differ by region and country, some mirror each other and are designed to create the best caregiver possible for local youths. Most positions working with youth require the applicant to pass a thorough background check in addition to a criminal history check. Job requirements might also mandate the applicant being up to date on current events.

Regardless of the location, one of the most universal youth worker qualifications is the requirement that the worker posses a bachelor's degree, preferably in social services or social work. In requiring a bachelor's degree of all prospective youth workers, the licensing agencies are assured that the workers most likely will have an understanding of the many cognitive and emotional difficulties that are a product of the youths' environment. Not all youth workers are required to have a formal education, but the vast majority do, and completing a college degree is often recommended for aspiring youth workers. Psychology, child development and speech and communication courses are some of the most recommended classes for potential youth workers.

The sociology of food (extra)

The sociology of food is a soft science related to anthropology and agriculture that studies the relationship of human societies and their food consumption habits. What types and amounts of food people eat and how it is prepared as well as their attitudes toward it can be defining characteristics of a given culture. Relationships between people and the producers of their food are often indicators of their respective roles in society.

One significant question in the field of sociology of food in the 21st century is the coexistence of malnutrition and obesity in the modern world. These two extremes represent significant power differentials that exist both within individual cultures and worldwide. People's attitudes toward these differences also reflect their cultural values. For instance, in some societies in the global South, obesity is seen as a mark of high status, as an obese person is likely rich enough to afford good food and perform manual labor. In many Western societies, however, obesity is seen as shameful.

 

Sociology of food scholars emphasize that the foods people enjoy or are willing to eat are also largely a matter of cultural values. Hindus, for example, consider cows sacred and therefore do not eat beef. Although there is no explicit religious prohibition against it, most Westerners will not eat dog meat. This unspoken taboo indicates an implicit understanding about animals in general: Some animals are food, while others are pets or even members of the family.

Mass Media (extra)

Mass media is media that is intended for a large audience. It may take the form of broadcast media, as in the case of television and radio, or print media, like newspapers and magazines. Internet media can also attain mass media status, and many media outlets maintain a web presence to take advantage of the ready availability of Internet in many regions of the world. Some people also refer to it as the “mainstream media,” referencing the fact that it tends to stick to prominent stories which will be of interest to a general audience, sometimes ignoring controversial breaking news. Many people around the world rely on this form of media for news and entertainment, and globally, it is a huge industry.

Usually, mass media aims to reach a very large market, such as the entire population of a country. By contrast, local media covers a much smaller population and area, focusing on regional news of interest, while specialty media is provided for particular demographic groups. Some local media outlets that cover state or provincial news may rise to prominence thanks to their investigative journalism, and to the clout that their particular regions have in national politics. The Guardian, formerly known as the Manchester Guardian, for example, is a nationally-respected paper in England that started as a regional daily.

Reference Group (extra)

 A reference group is a collection of people that we use as a standard of comparison for ourselves regardless of whether we are part of that group. We use reference groups to evaluate the relative worth or desirability of our appearance, thoughts, feelings, and behavior and to judge the appropriateness of our appearance and behavior.

fandom(extra)

(Fan [Mania] plus the suffix-DOM of the kingdom, as configured) Van Damme are others who share common interests and a sense of empathy and friendship subculture composed of fans characterized by a term that is used to refer to. The fans are usually the object of fandom (S) even if a lot of attention to detail the specific practices (fandom) and social networks related to their interests as part of spending most of your time and energy. From casual to be interested in this "geek" (fandom-based company) to distinguish them from the pan.Fandom of the human heart in all areas of interest and activity can be grown. The target of the fans' attention narrowly defined focus on such things as individual artists, or more broadly the entire hobby, spanning genres and fashion can be defined. Now, a group of people attracted to a subject that is used to apply during the term of ownership thanks to keen on the sport and has its roots. Merriam-Webster dictionary is back to 1903 to track the use of the term.

Also, most of the redundancy in terms of individual dams are interconnected fandoms social network can be used as a point in a broad sense.

Moral hazard (extra)

Economic theory, the potential for moral hazard and risk costs because the parties feel that the parties tend to be risk situation. In other words, it is a potential risk that the cost and burden of others, in whole or in part, mediated by know that, more willing to take risks that trend. Financial transactions are carried out either party's behavior may change after another disadvantage where moral hazard may occur.For individuals and institutions to take responsibility and complete results of their actions, leaving another party to hold some responsibility for the result of these actions, it is larger than that in the case of the other carefully too does not have a tendency to act now, moral hazard occurs.
Economists explain moral hazard as a special case situation of information asymmetry, one party in a transaction that has more information than others. If the parties are insulated from the risk, have detailed information about the intent and action from the party paying for the negative consequences of risk, in particular, can moral hazard occurs. More broadly, moral hazard can occur if you have an incentive trends and misbehaving from the point of view of the party less information is against the more information about the behavior and intentions.

Boycott (extra)

  Charles C. Boycott seems to have become a household word because of his strong sense of duty to his employer. An Englishman and former British soldier, Boycott was the estate agent of the Earl of Erne in County Mayo, Ireland. The earl was one of the absentee landowners who as a group held most of the land in Ireland. Boycott was chosen in the fall of 1880 to be the test case for a new policy advocated by Charles Parnell, an Irish politician who wanted land reform. Any landlord who would not charge lower rents or any tenant who took over the farm of an evicted tenant would be given the complete cold shoulder by Parnell's supporters. Boycott refused to charge lower rents and ejected his tenants. At this point members of Parnell's Irish Land League stepped in, and Boycott and his family found themselves isolatedwithout servants, farmhands, service in stores, or mail delivery. Boycott's name was quickly adopted as the term for this treatment, not just in English but in other languages such as French, Dutch, German, and Russian.

aging society (extra)

 With Europeans having fewer babies and generally living longer, the population is getting older.
Infants born today will live eight years longer on average than those born in 1950.
An aging society means fewer workers will support more retirees, with pensions and healthcare costs rising high.
This development will affect almost every aspect of their lives. Every human being will grow older and die.
Aging in itself is not a disease or a sickness, but as people age, disease often follows and the elderly need others' help.
In addition, the percentage of senior citizens in the world has increased very quickly, and our society is no exception.
The problem for us is that we have left the care of the elderly to their families.
We must change our attitude toward this issue and develop more systematic social programs.
The sooner we realize the importance of the role of government in this matter, the smaller the final cost to society as a whole will be.

Everyday life (extra)

Every Day Life, later simply known as EDL, was a Christian rapcore group. The band became identified with the straight edge movement, which advocates abstinence from sex, drugs, and tobacco.
The band has been labeled as a Christian version of Rage Against the Machine, which the band states is "kinda flattering, because when we started the band, I hadn't heard ‘em... we had no influence of theirs, and we had no starting point from them."
While the group saw other bands in the genre such as Korn and Limp Bizkit, and even the Christian bands P.O.D. and Project 86, achieve great success, that same goal was elusive to Every Day Life.This was partially due to bad luck regarding record labels and promotion, and part to controversial album content, which led to their first two albums being pulled from Christianbookstores.Even so, the band did receive some light MTV rotation, entered the college radio charts, and was nominated for a Dove Award.
While controversial, the Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music describes the band as having been "the first group in Christian music to address political issues in a responsible manner."The band consistently wrote about social issues, and was not afraid to tackle harsh issues of social and economic justice, both within Christianity and in the larger world. EDL felt that these issues were often marginalized or poorly approached in churches, and completely taboo in contemporary Christian music. Larry Norman was an influence for the band, with the lyricist telling one interviewer that "He wrote about the issues... just as Steve Taylor did, and just as Rez Band did when they started. These artists who originally started talking about the issues of Christianity now have no place in the market, because now the market has become songs of confirmation. And it almost makes it seem as though something we're doing is unheard of, and maybe not even Christian." HM jokingly remarked that the Chick tract"Angles?", which describes the evils of Christian rock, had been inspired by the band.

Social psychology (extra)

Social psychology is about understanding individual behavior in a social context.
Baron, Byrne & Suls (1989) define social psychology as ....“the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior in social situations”. (p. 6).
It therefore looks at human behavior as influenced by other people and the social context in which this occurs.
Social psychologists therefore deal with the factors that lead us to behave in a given way in the presence of others, and look at the conditions under which certain behavior/actions and feelings occur. Social psychology is to do with the way these feelings, thoughts, beliefs, intentions and goals are constructed and how such psychological factors, in turn, influence our interactions with others.
Topics examined in social psychology include: the self concept, social cognition, attribution theory, social influence, group processes, prejudice and discrimination, interpersonal processes, aggression, attitudes and stereotypes.

ethical relativism (extra)

Ethical relativism is the position that there are no moral absolutes, no moral right and wrongs.  Instead, right and wrong are based on social norms.  Such could be the case with "situational ethics," which is a category of ethical relativism.  At any rate, ethical relativism would mean that our morals have evolved, that they have changed over time, and that they are not absolute.
One advantage of ethical relativism is that it allows for a wide variety of cultures and practices.  It also allows people to adapt ethically as the culture, knowledge, and technology change in society.  This is a good and valid form of relativism.

The disadvantage of ethical relativism is that truth, right and wrong, and justice are all relative.  Just because a group of people think that something is right does not make it so.  Slavery is a good example of this.  Two hundred years ago in America, slavery was the norm and morally acceptable.  Now it is not.

Relativism also does not allow for the existence of an absolute set of ethics.  Logically, if there are no absolute ethics, then there can be no Divine Absolute Ethics Giver.  Requiring an absolute set of ethics implies an Absolute Ethics Giver, which can easily be extrapolated as being God.  This would be opposed to ethical relativism.  Therefore, ethical relativism would not support the idea of an absolute God, and it would exclude religious systems based upon absolute morals; that is, it would be absolute in its condemnation of absolute ethics.  In this, relativism would be inconsistent, since it would deny beliefs of absolute values.

Social Network Service (extra)

A social networking service is an online service provided to the public for social interaction between families, friends, and also for gaining new friends over the internet. These networks often include such services as e-mail and instant messaging. Social networks are found worldwide and used by half of the world’s population in some form or another.
In 2011 a survey revealed 47 percent of adults and 73 percent of teens use a social networking service. You can use these services to connect with others for a variety of reasons: like shared interests, making new friends, or just to have real time conversations. With the addition of video messaging users are also able to interact with each other visually.
In the mid 1990’s the idea of social networking began with online communities like Theglobe.com, Geocities, and Tripod.com. These sites were focused on people interacting with each other via chat rooms. Another site, Classmates.com (launched in 1995), focused on people sharing e-mail addresses. Compiling friend lists on a social site began in 1997 with SixDegrees.com, followed by Makeoutclub.com in 2000, Friendster, and Hub Culture in 2002. 2003 saw the emergence of MySpace, Linkedln, and Bebo. Facebook was added to online social networking in 2004 and became the largest social networking site in the world by 2009.